BOW 3: Should cloning research be regulated? How, and by whom?

Yes, cloning should be regulated by the government. The government has the right to put an end to research being done by certain doctors who are trying to accomplish making clones. Cloning research should be stopped because it is also unsafe. it comes with a lot of harms. There's disadvantages of certain genetics being lost. Cloning research should not be able to continue. a way to stop it would be to make a law regarding the consequences if anyone was doing that. With a law in place and maybe in danger of losing their jobs, certain doctors would think twice before trying to figure out a way to clone human beings.

BOW 2 mutations

Non-sense mutation: Three codons tell the cell to stop providing amino acids to the protein which supposely has been reached. when this happens the process is cut short and therefore it is an incompleted process. A disease caused by this is Cystic fibrosiss.

Sense Mutation: It changes a  stop in the codon into one that codes for an amino acid. The results of this event are in an elongated protein.

Deletion Mutation: when a type of  gene mutation  the deletion of nucleotide causes a certain shift in the reading of the codons in the mRNA.

Insertion Mutation: It results from the being of extra nucleotides in a chromosome.

Frameshift Mutation: is caused by the deletions or insertions of a number of nucleotides that is not  even by  a DNA sequence.

Point Mutation: It changes only asmall area or a nucleotide in a gene.

Translocation Muation:Its a mutation in which a large  piece of chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome.

BOW 1

Transcription: This is when the Rna copies the information of the DNA
 


Translation:mRNA  is broken up by the ribosome to produce a  amino acid or polypeptide  that will later becoem into  protein.




Protein Synthesis: is transcprition and  translation all n one. there are many steps. The amino acids become in a sheet which then fold.

Extra Credit Blog: Reflection

What topics really confused you?
 I got confused on the photosynthesis and formulas. i also did not understand certain vocabulary being used. another topic i got confused on was osmosis. 
What topics do you feel very clear on?
i felt clear on the Fungus topic and cells. i also felt very clear on mitosis.
What lab/ activity was your favorite? Why?
my favorite lab activity was we had to carefully pour a drop of water onto the pennies. it was my favorite because it was fun to see how many drops a penny and water could withhold. 
What lab/activity was your least favorite? Why?
My least favorite lab was when we had to do the chemchi. it was my least favorite because it smelled really bad and didn't taste to great.

If you could change something about the class to make it better, for instance the type of homework (not the amount) what would it be and why?

To emphasis more on each chapter and possibly go over what we did on our homework in class.

Gene Blast

Sequence 2

ATG GCG GGT CTG ACG GCG GCG GCC CCG CGG CCC GGA GTC CTC CTG CTC CTG CTG TCC ATC CTC CAC 
CCC TCT CGG CCT GGA GGG GTC CCT GGG GCC ATT CCT GGT GGA GTT CCT GGA GGA GTC TT

This gene encodes a protein that is one of the two components of elastic fibers. The encoded protein is rich in hydrophobic amino acids such as glycine and proline, which form mobile hydrophobic regions bounded by crosslinks between lysine residues. Deletions and mutations in this gene are associated with supravalvular aortic stenosis (SVAS) and autosomal dominant cutis laxa. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

Sequence 3

ATG CTC ACA TTC ATG GCC TCT GAC AGC GAG GAA GAA GTG TGT GAT GAG CGG ACG TCC CTA ATG TCG 
GCC GAG AGC CCC AGC CCG CGC TCC TGC CAG GAG GGC AGG CAG GGC CCA GAG GAT GGA G

Summary: Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients with an inherited form of the disease carry mutations in the presenilin proteins (PSEN1 or PSEN2) or the amyloid precursor protein (APP). These disease-linked mutations result in increased production of the longer form of amyloid-beta (main component of amyloid deposits found in AD brains). Presenilins are postulated to regulate APP processing through their effects on gamma-secretase, an enzyme that cleaves APP. Also, it is thought that the presenilins are involved in the cleavage of the Notch receptor such that, they either directly regulate gamma-secretase activity, or themselves act are protease enzymes. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms of PSEN2 have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

Sequence 6

ATG CCG CCC AAA ACC CCC CGA AAA ACG GCC GCC ACC GCC GCC GCT GCC GCC GCG GAA CCC GGC ACC 
GCC GCC GCC GCC CCC TCC TGA GGG ACC CAG AGC AGG ACA GCG GCC CGG AGG AC

Summary: The protein encoded by this gene is a negative regulator of the cell cycle and was the first tumor suppressor gene found. The encoded protein also stabilizes constitutive heterochromatin to maintain the overall chromatin structure. The active, hypophosphorylated form of the protein binds transcription factor E2F1. Defects in this gene are a cause of childhood cancer retinoblastoma (RB), bladder cancer, and osteogenic sarcoma. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

Sequence 8

ATG CCA TCT TCC TTG ATG TTG GAG GTA CCT GCT CTG GCA GAT TTC AAC CGG GCT TGG ACA GAA 
CTT ACC GAC TGG CTT TCT CTG CTT GAT CAA GTT ATA AAA TCA CAG AGG GTG ATG GTG GGT GAC CTT

Summary: The dystrophin gene is the largest gene found in nature, measuring 2.4 Mb. The gene was identified through a positional cloning approach, targeted at the isolation of the gene responsible for Duchenne (DMD) and Becker (BMD) Muscular Dystrophies. DMD is a recessive, fatal, X-linked disorder occurring at a frequency of about 1 in 3,500 new-born males. BMD is a milder allelic form. In general, DMD patients carry mutations which cause premature translation termination (nonsense or frame shift mutations), while in BMD patients dystrophin is reduced either in molecular weight (derived from in-frame deletions) or in expression level. The dystrophin gene is highly complex, containing at least eight independent, tissue-specific promoters and two polyA-addition sites. Furthermore, dystrophin RNA is differentially spliced, producing a range of different transcripts, encoding a large set of protein isoforms. Dystrophin (as encoded by the Dp427 transcripts) is a large, rod-like cytoskeletal protein which is found at the inner surface of muscle fibers. Dystrophin is part of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC), which bridges the inner cytoskeleton (F-actin) and the extra-cellular matrix. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]