Fermentation

Homemade Sauerkraut Recipe

cabbage, salt, time

Ingredients:

• 2 medium heads cabbage (about 4 to 5 total pounds), cored and finely shredded
• 2 tablespoons unrefined sea salt

Equipment:

• large mixing bowl
• sauerkraut crock or vegetable fermenter
• wooden spoon or dowel

Method:

1. Toss cabbage and salt together in a large mixing bowl and begin to squeeze the cabbage and salt together with your hands, kneading it thoroughly to break up the cellular structure of the shredded cabbage.
2. When the cabbage has become limp and released its juice, transfer it to a sauerkraut crock or vegetable fermenter. Pack the salted cabbage into the crock or fermenter as tightly as you can, eliminating air bubbles.  Continue packing the cabbage into the container until it is completely submerged by liquid.  Cover loosely and allow it to sit at room temperature, undisturbed, for at least seven days and up to three or four weeks, testing the sauerkraut every few days until it is done to your liking.  Transfer to the refrigerator or other cold storage where it should keep for at least six months.

TIME: 20 minutes (active), 1 to 4 weeks (fermentation) | YIELD: about 2 quarts |

Conversion: 2 medium heads cabbage (about 64 oz. to 80 oz.), cored and finely shredded

                     YIELD: About 4 pints

Fermentation cooks the food by the lack of oxygen and as well it depends how much salt is added to the food. it must remain in a cool temperature til ready. The salt forces the water to come out of the cabbage so that it may be fermented.

We are carbon and water.

Water is important to organisms on this earth because they survive by observing it. they also rely on water in order to keep hydrated. while other organisms use water in an everyday basis.

BLOG 1: Why is it important that scientists use a standard set of measurements.

Researchers need to make sure that each others experiments involve measurements, scientists need a common system of measurement.Alot of scientists use this standard set of measurements to collect data.

OSMOSIS JONES

Similarities between the immune system movie Osmosis Jones are:

1. Cells protect the body against the virus.
2. The virus easily spreads throughout the body quickly.
3. The body cells revise the immune system to heal and repair any sick or damaged areas.

Differences are:

1.  A cold pill doesn't fight a virus, it helps to lower the symptoms that occur.
2. The cells have their own personality unlike regular cells.
3. Normally a killer T-cell helps the virus-infected areas,but in the movie the cells would try to destroy the cells.

Steven Bonus

The Microbe Zoo

Kingdom: Eubacteria Scientific Name: Halomonadaceae Image Courtesy of: Maltseva, Olga Image Width: 8 microns Image Technology: SEM

Salt-Loving,2,4-D degrader

These bacteria degrade 2,4-D, the herbicide found in "Weed Be Gone" that people spray on their lawns to get rid of dandelions and other weed plants. This bacterium is unusual among 2,4-D degrading bacteria found so far because it can live in high concentrations of salt at high pH.

Kingdom: Protist, fungi, eubacteria
Scientific Name: Entodinium caudatum et al.
Image Courtesy of: Yokoyama, Mel; Cobos, Mario A.
Image Width: 40 microns
Image Technology: SEM

Rumen Symbionts

Cattle, like other ruminant animals such as goats, deer, and giraffes, have billions of microbes inside their guts which help them digest their food. These are some of the many types of microbes that live in the rumens (stomachs) of cows. The large microbe is a type of protist. The creature that looks like a tadpole attached to the side of the protist is a fungal spore. The smaller, rod-shaped beasts lining the underside of the protist are bacteria.

Kingdom: Fungus
Scientific Name: Saccharomyces cereviceae
Image Courtesy of: Whallon, Joanne
Image Width: 24 microns
Image Technology: Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy

 Yeast

Yeast are small fungi which are incredibly important in the food and beverage industries. Yeast ferement the sugars in fruits to make wine, the sugars in grains to make beers. When grown in the presence of oxygen, yeast give off the gas carbon dioxide which makes bread rise. Yeast can grow with oxygen, (aerobically) or without oxygen (anaerobically.) Because it can grow either aerobically or anaerobically, it is known as a "facultative aerobe."

Kingdom: Unknown
Scientific Name: Unknown
Image Courtesy of: N.A.S.A
Image Width: 450 nanometers
Image Technology: SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope)

Martain Bacillus

In August of 1996 NASA scientists reported finding what look like fossils of microbes inside a meteorite (called ALH84001) thought to be from Mars. They believe the 4.5 billion year old rock was once a part of Mars. It was blasted from Mars by a huge meteor impact 16 million years ago. It fell to Earth in Antarctica 13 thousand years ago. A piece of the meteorite was discovered on an ice field in Antarctica by scientists in 1984. Inside of the meteorite, along cracks and fissures within the rock, scientists found mineral structures such as the one shown here.

Kingdom: Protist
Scientific Name: Zygenema
Image Courtesy of: Shirley Owens
Image Width: 45 microns
Image Technology: Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy

 Star filament Algae Fluorescing

This is a type of algae that lives in ponds. Algae are protists that have chlorophyll, like plants do, and are thus able to make food for themselves using sunlight via photosynthesis. Many algae, such as this one, grow in long strands of individual cells strung end to end. This image shows several cells in a portion of such a strand. This image does not show the whole algal cells, but instead highlights a part of the internal structure of the algae, their chloroplasts.

This image was created using fluorescence. The algae were originally illuminated with light of a relatively short wavelength, chosen specifically because chlorophyll absorbs light at that wavelength. The chlorophyll re-emits, or fluoresces, the light energy at a longer wavelength. Since the chlorophyll in algae is gathered in its chloroplasts, it is the chloroplasts inside the algal cells that we see in this view.